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THIS DAY IN HISTORY: 
US Invades Grenada (1983)
After a left-wing government took control of Grenada in a 1979 bloodless coup, relations between the tiny Caribbean nation and its neighbors became strained. In 1983, the government was overthrown by radicals from within the same movement. Concerned about Grenada's leanings toward Cuba and the Soviet bloc, the US invaded. World leaders were outraged, and the UN voted 108 to 9 to condemn the invasion.

THIS DAY IN HISTORY: 

Turkmenistan Gains Independence from the Soviet Union (1991)
Following Turkmenistan's independence, the head of its Communist Party, Saparmurat Niyazov, became president. He developed a totalitarian cult of personality, isolating the Central Asian nation culturally and politically. Citizens were tested on their knowledge of Niyazov's autobiography and spiritual guide book, the Ruhnama—even on driver's license tests. Niyazov's successor later reversed many of his policies, including the decision to rename the months of the calendar

THIS DAY IN HISTORY: 
Harvard College Is Founded (1636)
Founded with a grant from the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Harvard College was named for its first benefactor, John Harvard. He bequeathed his books and about £780 to the fledgling college. The oldest and one of the most prestigious institutions of higher education in the US, Harvard originally trained Puritan ministers. Today, it has the largest university endowment in the US, estimated at more than $25 billion in 2009.

THIS DAY IN HISTORY: 

Delta and Northwest Merge to Form World's Largest Airline (2008)
Founded as an aerial crop dusting operation in Georgia, Delta became the world's largest commercial air carrier more than 80 years after its inception when it merged with Northwest Airlines. The consolidation process was completed by January 31, 2010. Today, Delta has approximately 75,000 employees, and its headquarters in Atlanta includes the world's largest connecting hub.

1766 St. Paul's Chapel in New York is consecrated

1873 P. T. Barnum's circus, "Greatest Show on Earth," debuts in New York City

1888 John J. Loud patents the ballpoint pen

1919 Baseball league presidents call for the abolishment of the spitball

1938 A radio broadcast of H. G. Wells' "The War of the Worlds," narrated by Orson Welles, allegedly causes mass panic

1940 "One Night in the Tropics," the film debut of the comedians Abbott and Costello, premieres in Paterson, New Jersey

1948 20 people die and 6,000 fall ill due to smog in Donora, Pennsylvania

1952 Clarence Birdseye sells first frozen peas

1961 Soviet Party Congress unanimously approves a resolution to remove Stalin's body from Lenin's tomb in Red Square as part of de-Stalinization efforts

1972 45 people die in a rail accident in Chicago, Illinois, the worst US rail accident in 14 years

1973 Tom Seaver becomes the first non-20-game winner to win the Cy Young Award

1974 Muhammad Ali KOs George Foreman in the 8th round in "The Rumble in the Jungle" in Kinshasa, Zaire, regaining the world heavyweight boxing title using the famous "rope-a-dope" tactic

1974 California Angel Nolan Ryan throws the fastest recorded pitch at 100.9 mph

1990 Britain and France complete the "Chunnel" under the English Channel

2005 Al López American Baseball HOF catcher and AL Manager of the Year, dies at 97

2007 Robert Goulet American Tony and Grammy Award-winning singer, dies at 73

2018 Whitey Bulger American organized crime boss, killed at 89 shortly after arriving at US Penitentiary Hazelton in Bruceton Mills, West Virginia

2021 Grand Ole Opry broadcasts its 5000th Saturday night radio program from Nashville, Tennessee

2023 Former basketball player Magic Johnson is the fourth athlete to become a billionaire (after Michael Jordan, Lebron James, and Tiger Woods), according to Forbes

2023 Frank Howard, American baseball player and manager, NL Rookie of the Year 1960, dies at 87

1517 Martin Luther sends his Ninety-five Theses to Albert of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz, precipitating the Protestant Reformation

1846 Donner party, unable to cross the Donner Pass, construct a winter camp

1868 Standard uniform approved for US postal carriers

1913 Lincoln Highway, the first paved coast-to-coast highway in the US, is dedicated

1918 The Spanish flu kills 21,000 people in the US in a single week

1941 Mount Rushmore Monument, designed by Gutzon Borglum, is completed in South Dakota

1941 Prior to the US joining WWII, German submarine U-552 torpedoes US destroyer Reuben James near Iceland

1942 U-boats sink and damage 120 allied ships this month (659,457 tons)

1943 WWII: F4U Corsair accomplishes the first successful radar-guided interception

1950 "The Big Cat" Earl Lloyd becomes the first African-American to play a game in the NBA, scoring 6 points on debut for the Washington Capitols

1956 American Navy pilot Conrad "Gus" Shinn is the first person to land a plane at the South Pole

1956 Rear Admiral G. J. Dufek becomes the first American to set foot on the South Pole

1960 Cyclone hits the coast of the Gulf of Bengal, killing about 10,000 people

1963 Ed Sullivan witnesses Beatlemania firsthand at London's Heathrow Airport as the Beatles are greeted by their fans upon the group returning from Sweden

1980 Julian Nott sets a world hot air balloon altitude record of 16,806 m

1981 "The War of the Worlds," the first live American radio drama in 25 years, is broadcast on NBC on Halloween

1983 Ron Grant completes a run around Australia in 217 days, covering 8,316 miles

1984 Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by her bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, at her home in New Delhi.

1987 American jockey Chris Antley becomes the first rider to win nine races in a day (four at Aqueduct and five at Meadowlands)

1992 Don Keller makes his 18,000th sky dive

1992 Roman Catholic church apologizes for its treatment of Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei after 359 years, acknowledging he had been right about the Earth revolving around the Sun

1994 American Eagle ATR-72 crashes at Gary, Indiana, killing 68

1994 American tennis star Venus Williams makes her professional debut as a 14-year-old with a 6-3, 6-4 win over former NCAA champion and world No. 58 Shaun Stafford in the Bank of the West Classic in Oakland, California

1999 Yachtsman Jesse Martin returns to Melbourne after 11 months of circumnavigating the world solo, non-stop, and unassisted

2011 The world population reaches 7 billion inhabitants according to the United Nations

2012 The New York Stock Exchange opens after being closed for two days after Hurricane Sandy

2015 In Russia's worst air disaster to date, an airliner crashes in Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, killing all 224 on board

2016 MIT Engineers announce they have engineered spinach plants to detect explosive materials in groundwater and send an email alert via a connected system

2022 Taylor Swift becomes the first artist in history to claim all top 10 slots on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart with 10 tracks from her album "Midnights" 🤮

The Blue Peacock Nuclear Bomb

Blue Peacock was the codename of a British 1950s Cold War defense project that aimed to place several 10-kiloton nuclear mines on the North German Plain in case of war. Fears that cold winter temperatures might prevent the buried bombs from working properly led scientists to propose several solutions, including one that earned it the nickname the "chicken-powered nuclear bomb."